多肉养护指南(光照,温度,给水,休眠,盆的大小,介质等等等… ...

[翻译] 【转自豆瓣-Qiuhan的日记】(非授权）以下原文照搬开始：

这篇文章选自http://www.highlandsucculents.com/，是美国一个卖多肉的网站提供给客户的养护指南，个人觉得写得不错，可以让新手少走很多弯路，所以翻译了出来。

本人只对翻译这个过程的准确性负责，不能保证文中的理论一定正确，请根据自身状况理智地借鉴。

一切权利属于原作者，译者是生物化学物理白痴，欢迎勘误。

原文：http://www.highlandsucculents.com/culture_guide.htm#making
翻译：Qiuhan


The Highland Culture Guide
多肉养护指南


Get the answers to your cultural questions here with our integrated approach. All of the basic elements of succulent cultivation are presented with an emphasis on how to combine them to work for you. It's not just another Do's and Don'ts list.
这是一份综合性的养护方法论述，你能从中得到大部分问题的解答。本文将从实践的角度出发，讲述如何满足和利用多肉植物的基本习性，可不是什么简单的一二三四类指南。

With this guide as a starting point you'll know why you're doing things. With a little experience you'll soon be solving your own problems and growing very good plants.
本文旨在授之以渔，而非授之以鱼。只需要稍微结合一下实践，你很快就能够自己解决问题，并种出完美的植株。

Contents
目录

Light And Your Strategy
光线与应对策略

Temperature
温度

Watering
给水

Dormancy
休眠

Making Changes - Timing
移栽的时机

Growing In Containers
盆栽的要点

Supplies: Mix, Nutrients, Containers
植料，营养，植器

Pests
虫害

Basic Equipment List
基本装备列表

Grow Plants Like These!
你的植株能长成这样吗？当然！


The fabulous Euphorbia pauliana
传说中的Euphorbia pauliana


Crassula tecta
青锁龙属：小夜衣

Cyphostemma juttae - a true classic
Cyphostemma juttae，永恒的经典

Speak The Language
拉丁语...入门

For many, entering the world of succulent plants and the people who collect and trade in them means confronting the Latin botanical nomenclature used to name and describe this natural world. Don’t be put off by this!
对于很多人来说，进入多肉植物的世界最大的障碍就是用来描述自然世界的拉丁语命名法，以至于在收集和交易植物的时候遇到莫大的阻碍。但不要退缩！

Learning the botanical names of your plants and how to pronounce them is essential to cultivating and building your collection. Abandon the use of common names such as “snake plant” or “pencil cactus” in favor of Sansevieria and Euphorbia. Common names are not unique and will only lead to confusion.
知道你家宝贝的学名和发音规则，对于有志向的爱好者来说是必修的一课。别再提那些俗名了，什么“蛇草”，“铅笔仙人掌”，你应该叫她们“虎尾兰”和“大戟”。俗名和植物的品种并不是一一对应的，用起来只会引起不必要的混淆。

All you really have to know is that each plant is a single species or a hybrid of two or more species, and like species are organized into a larger single group called a genus such as Pachypodium. In turn, groups of similar genera make up the plant families such as Apocynaceae which includes the genera Pachypodium and Adenium. Genus and species in that order are used exclusively when referring to any plant. So instead of “Madagascar Palm” we use Pachypodium lamerei or Adenium obesum in place of “Desert Rose”.
通过学名，你能够掌握每种植物到底是独立的品种还是杂交品种，并且将之归到更大的类别，即“属”里，比如“棒槌树属”。当然，具有相似特性的“属”还会形成级别更高的“科”，比如“夹竹桃科”，包括棒槌树属和沙漠玫瑰属。属和品种名组成植物的学名，所以，所谓的“马达加斯加棕榈”实际上应当叫做Pachypodium lamerei，而“沙漠玫瑰”则学名Adenium obesum。

Don’t be intimidated or embarrassed when attempting to pronounce these strange names. Everyone makes mistakes but with a little experience it becomes second nature. To get started you could even watch The Victory Garden on PBS where they consistently use genus and species when discussing plants of all kinds.
当你读这些奇怪的名字时，千万别觉得尴尬或害羞。没有人能一点错误都不犯，但只要多练习几次，你一定能熟悉这些单词。一开始，你可以多看看《Victory Garden》这个电视节目，里面用的都是很标准的拉丁文学名。

Light And Your Strategy
光线与应对策略

By far the single most important element for growing quality plants is available light. Succulents need serious natural light. This means a full southern exposure with nothing between your plants and the sun except possibly the window glass or greenhouse glazing. A full southern exposure is one which receives all available light for most of the day. Avoid locations which are blocked by trees or buildings.
毫无疑问，种出完美植株的最重要因素就是光照。多肉植物需要非常充沛的阳光，这意味着南向采光是必须的，而且在植物和阳光之间除了玻璃或温室覆膜之外最好什么都不要隔。所谓的南向采光，是指全年大部分时候都能享受到全天日照，而且要避免被树或者建筑挡住。

In a perfect world, your plants would be growing in a blazing southern exposure and receiving 360° light. This would of course mean a perfectly situated greenhouse or an outside location in a frost free climate. Such facilities are impossible for many of us but this does not mean that you still can’t grow first rate quality plants. This is where your strategy is required.
在理想的情况下，你的植物最好能受到南向的充足阳光，且光照要来自360度方向。当然，这就意味着一个位置完美的温室，或者在没有霜降的气候下的露养环境。这样的要求对于大多数爱好者都不太现实，但也不是说达不到就养不出一流的品相。这时候，一点策略就是必要的了。

Your strategy should be to give your plants the light they need when they need it. The keyword here is when. Most succulents will enter an annual dormancy period and will tolerate less than ideal light during this part of their life cycle.
你的策略就是在植物需要的时候才给她们所需的阳光，时机非常重要。许多多肉植物都有休眠期，在休眠的时候，她们并不要求最理想的日照环境。

If you are growing indoors, the preferred strategy is to move your plants outside during the summer months for optimum light during their growth period then winter them over in southern windows when they are dormant.
如果你是在室内种植，最好是能够在生长季把她们挪出室外，休眠期则可以放在南窗下。

If you are restricted to indoor conditions year round, you must compromise. Regardless of how good your windows are, you will still be providing light from only one direction and there will be a few plants that will not tolerate less than ideal light. You will have to restrict your collection to those genera which will grow well in your conditions or simply move your plants to better light.
如果你全年都只能受限于室内环境，那就只能妥协了。无论你窗户的位置有多好，植物都只能受到一个方向的日照，并不是所有多肉植物都能接受这样不理想的光线的。

If you are growing in a greenhouse or outside in frost free conditions, sufficient light is not your problem. In many parts of the southern and southwestern U.S. your problem can be too much light and some sun filtering material is in order especially for smaller plants in small containers.
如果你有温室或能在无霜地带露养，那阳光根本不是问题。实际上，在美国西南部地区，光线反而可能太强烈了，需要给幼小的植物适当遮阴。

Artificial light will keep most but not all succulent plants alive but that's about it. After more than a month or two under fluorescent tubes for example, plants take on a very soft weak look and quickly lose their appeal. Artificial light is best used as a supplement to your winter source if you bring your plants indoors during the winter months.
人工光源确实可以维持大部分（不是全部）多肉植物的存活，但也仅限于基本的存活。举个例子吧，在荧光灯管下生活了一两个月的植株会非常软且柔弱，外形大不如前。补光灯最好只作为冬季室内养殖时的补充光源使用。

These strategies apply to summer growing (winter dormant) succulents. As you will discover, many genera are winter growing (summer dormant) which definitely makes providing sufficient light even more challenging. However it is possible!
当然了，对于那些冬季生长的品种来说，在生长季给她们充足的光源更成问题，但这也并不是不可能的事。

How can you tell if your plants are receiving proper light? Their general appearance will be compact with the distance between the leaves very short. Leaves will also be small not big and floppy. Rosettes of leafy succulents such as Echeveria will be tight while leaves and bodies of extremely succulent types such as lithops will be compact and colorful, not bloated and soft looking.
要如何分辨你的植物是否接受到了充足的光照呢？这就要看她们的外形是否紧凑，叶片间的距离是不是非常短，叶子是否短粗精悍不耷拉。叶子呈莲座状分布的拟石莲等品种应当株型聚拢，生石花等肥厚的品种应当矮壮且色彩艳丽，不能虚胖柔弱。

赶上直播了！

This is a good illustration of what can happen to valuable plants if not given correct light levels.
这就是一个好品种烂光照的反面教材。


These two Pachypodium horombense are the same age. The specimen on the right has been given proper light while the one on the left is etiolated and ruined from low light. There is no way to reverse the etiolation.
这两棵Pachypodium horombense年纪一样大，右边的享受充足的阳光，左边的则因缺乏光照而徒长。这种病态的徒长永远也恢复不了。

Some of the most light sensitive succulents are the Crassulaceae (echeveria, crassula, graptopetalum, kalanchoe, sedum, etc.), Mesembs (lithops, conophytum, etc.) and Apocynaceae (pachypodium, adenium) while some of the least light sensitive are the Liliaceae (aloes, haworthias), many euphorbias, sansevierias, and stapeliads.
对光线非常敏感的多肉植物包括景天科（拟石莲属，青锁龙属，风车草属，伽蓝菜属，景天属等），番杏科（生石花属，肉锥花属等）和夹竹桃科（棒槌树属，沙漠玫瑰属），对光线要求没那么高的则有百合科（芦荟属，十二卷属），许多大戟科品种，虎尾兰和萝藦。

There are many factors to consider if you want to grow first rate, truly beautiful plants but by far, providing sufficient light is the most important. There is hardly anything more unattractive or that reflects poor cultivation technique than an etiolated or stretched out succulent. Etiolation is not reversible, unless the subject can be started again from a cutting, so once this occurs, the plant is ruined. Study your conditions and adopt a strategy for providing proper light. There is no substitute.
如果想要养出极品的美丽植株，光照是最重要的。没有什么比徒长的多肉更能反应种植者技术不合格了。徒长是不可逆的，除非砍头重新开始。因此一旦徒了，这棵多肉就毁了。好好研究你的养殖环境，务必找出合适的光线供给策略，这是不可替代的。

Temperature
温度

Most collectable succulents, which includes all the plants you will find on this web site, are not hardy. Although a few Agaves and Sedums might take a few degrees of frost, they will not tolerate freezing temperatures.
许多市面上贩卖的多肉植物都不耐寒。虽然有些龙舌兰和景天属多少能忍耐些轻微的霜降，却并不耐冻。

We maintain a minimum of 55° F year round for most plants while keeping our most sensitive species at 60° F.
我们一年四季给植物的最低温度是华氏55度（摄氏12度左右），一些敏感的品种则维持在华氏60度（摄氏十五度）以上。

Maximum temperatures are usually determined by weather conditions and succulents are well adapted to tolerate temperatures slightly over 100° F. Prolonged exposure to excessive heat usually prompts most plants to simply go dormant and wait it out.
最高温度则取决于天气，大部分多肉都能很好地适应华氏100度（摄氏38度）的气温。长时间的高温顶多是让她们休眠而已。

Many plants can however be damaged by excessive heat and if you are growing in a greenhouse or any other type of solar structure, constant air movement is essential. Hot stagnant air will rapidly damage most succulents.
当然了，过高的温度还是会损伤植株，尤其是对于温室等全日照的养殖环境来说，这时良好的空气流通十分必要。高热且静止的空气会很快置多肉于死地。